Article Sidebar
Views PDF: 222
SEROPREVALENCE OF IgG ANTIBODIES OF HUMAN TOXOCARIASIS AND ASOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN KHANH HOA PROVINCE
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Human toxocariasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Toxocara canis and T. cati roundworm larvae. While many studies have shown that dog and cat owners are at a higher risk of acquiring Toxocara spp. infection, there is no available evidence regarding the seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. infection among dog and cat owners in Khanh Hoa. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence of anti-IgG of Toxocara spp. infection and associated risk factors for visceral larval migrans among dog owners in three different areas of Khanh Hoa province..
Subjects and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 2022 to 2024 in three localities representing different socio-geographic areas (urban, rural, and mountainous) of Khanh Hoa province. A total of 1502 blood samples were collected from local individuals aged 5 to 75 for this study. Serum anti-T.canis IgG antibodies were detected using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit: NovaLisaTM, Toxocara canis IgG ELISA. Simultaneously, a survey using structured questionnaire about information on risk factors associated with Toxocariasis was conducted among 720 people (aged 18 and over) from 1,502 individuals whose bloods were taken for testing.
Results and conclusions: A total of 1,502 blood samples were examined for the presence of antibodies to dog and cat roundworm larval infection. Results revealed an overall positive rate of 57.66% across the three localities, with variations depending on geography. In Khanh Vinh, a mountainous district, the infection rate was 75.44%, and in its commune Khanh Trung, it was 81.20%. For the two urban wards, the rates were significantly lower (Phuoc Long Ward: 44.40% and Van Thanh Ward: 54.18%). A structured questionnaire was used to investigate risk factors among 720 individuals (aged 18 years old and over) out of the 1,502 individuals whose bloods were tested. Results indicated that 389 of them tested positive for the ELISA test. Infection rates varied among age groups: under 25 years old (6.94%), 25-50 years old (66.78%), and over 50 years old (37.28%). Notably, 49.87% of infected individuals owned dogs or cats, 93.32% regularly consumed raw vegetables, and 25.71% frequently handled dogs or cats. The high infection rate of dog and cat roundworm larvae in Khanh Hoa underscores the presence of several identified high-risk factors.
Article Details
Keywords
Human Toxocariasis infection, risk factors, Khanh Hoa province
References
3(92), pp. 10-16.
2. Pham Thi Thu Hoai, Nguyen Thu Huong, Le Xuan Hung and Tran Thanh Duong (2014), “The current status of dog and cat roundworm larvae infection in children in Yen Lac commune, Yen Dinh district, Thanh Hoa province, 2014", Journal of malaria control and parasitic diseases, National Institute of Malaria - Parasitology - Entomology,
ISN 0868-3735, No. 4, 2014, pp: 89-94.
3. Le Dinh Vinh Phuc (2021), "Doctoral Thesis in Medicine", p: 60.
4. Cao Van Huyen, Pham Ngoc Minh, Pham Thi Huong Lien, Pham Ngoc Danh (2018). “Current situation and some factors related to infection with roundworm larvae of dogs and cats (Toxocara spp.) in patients examined at the Department of Parasitology - Hanoi Medical University (2016- 2017)”. Journal of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases Control, 2(104):29-34.
5. Phan Anh Tuan, Tran Thi Kim Dung, Tran Phu Manh Sieu and Tran Vinh Hien (2009), "Rate of seropositivity for Toxocara canis antigen in patients with allergic symptoms". Journal of Military Medicine. Number CD91.2009.ISSN 1859-1655. Published by Military Medical Department, pp: 147-152.
6. Coelho LMPS and Silva MV (2004), “Human Toxocariasis: A Seroepidemiological survey In schoolchildren of Sorocaba, Brazil “Mem Inst Oswaaaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro. 99(6),
533-557.
7. El-Tras W. F., Holt H. R., Tayel A. A. (2011). “Risk of Toxocara canis eggs in stray and domestic dog hair in Egypt”. Vet Parasitol., 178(3-4):319-23.
8. Fan C. K., Hung C. C, Du W. Y., et al. (2004). “Seroepidemiology of Toxocara canis infection among mountain aborigina: School children living in contaminated districts in Eastern Taiwan”. Trop Med In Health., 9(12):1312-8
9. Kondo K, Akao N, Ohyama T and Okazawa (1998), “Seroepidemiology investigation of Toxocariasis in Asian area”, In the 5 Asian. Pacific Congress for parasitic zoonoses. In: Yamaguchi T, Araki T. The Organizing Committee of AsianParasitic Congress for Parasitic Zoonoses, 1998, 65-70.
10. Jarosz W., Mizgajska W. H., Kirwan P., et al. (2010). Developmental age, physical fitness and Toxocara seroprevalence amongst lower-secondary students living in rural areas contaminated with Toxocara eggs” Parasitology, 137(1):53-63.
11. Liao C. W, Sukati H, DLamini P, Chou C, M and Liu Y.H (2010), “Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis infection among children in Swaziland, southern Africa”, Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2010 Jan; 104(1): 73-80.
12. Magnaval J.F, Michaut A and Calon N (1994), “Epidemiology of human toxocariasis in La Reunion”, trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994.88(5), 531-3.
13. Rai SK, Uga S, Ono K, Nakanishi M, Sherestha HG and Matsumura T (1996), “Seroepidemiological study of Toxocara infection in Nepal “Southeast Asian J Trop Med
Public Health. 27(2), 286-90.
14. Awadallah MAI, Salem LMA. Zoonotic enteric parasites transmitted from dogs in Egypt with special concern to Toxocara canis infection. Vet World. 2015;8(8):946-57.
15.Rostami A, Riahi SM, Holland CV, Taghipour A, Khalili Fomeshi M, Fakhri Y, et al. Seroprevalence estimates for toxocariasis in people worldwide: a systematic review and meta analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(12): e0007809.
16.Nguyen T, Cheong FW, Liew JWK, Lau YL. Seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis in blood samples diag nosed in Medic Medical Center Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in 2012. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9(1):486.
17 Fajutag AJ, Paller VG. Toxocara egg soil contamination and its seroprevalence among public school children in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2013;44(4):551-60.
18. Gyang PV, Akinwale OP, Lee YL, Chuang TW, Orok AB, Ajibaye O, et al. Seroprevalence, disease awareness, and risk factors for Toxocara canis infection among primary schoolchildren in Makoko, an urban slum community in Nigeria. Acta Trop. 2015;146:135-40.
19 Fu C J, Chuang T W, Lin H S, Wu C H, Liu Y C, Langinlur MK, et al. Seroepidemiology of Toxocara canis infection among primary schoolchildren in the capital area of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:261.
20 Berrett AN, Erickson LD, Gale SD, Stone A, Brown BL, Hedges DW. Toxocara Seroprevalence and associated risk factors in the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97(6):1846-50.
21 Aghamolaie S, Seyyedtabaei SJ, Behniafar H, Foroutan M, Saber V, Hanifehpur H, et al. Seroepidemiology, modifiable risk factors and clinical symptoms of Toxocara spp. infection in northern Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2019;113(3):116-22.
22 Romero Núñez C, Mendoza Martínez GD, Yañez Arteaga S, Ponce Macotela M, Bustamante Montes P, Ramírez DN. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Toxocara canis infection in children. Sci World J. 2013;2013: 572089.
23 Fakhri Y, Gasser RB, Rostami A, Fan CK, Ghasemi SM, Javanian M, et al. Toxocara eggs in public places worldwide - a systematic review and meta analysis. Environ Pollut. 2018;242:1467-75.
24 Mohamad S, Azmi NC, Noordin R. Development and evaluation of a sensitive and specific assay for diagnosis of human toxocariasis by use of three recombinant antigens (TES 26, TES 30USM, and TES 120). J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(6):1712-7.